New Frontiers In Immunotherapy For Cancer Treatment
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized oncology by leveraging the immune system's ability to target and eliminate cancer cells. This review explores the latest advancements in immunotherapy, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, CAR-T cell therapy, bispecific antibodies, oncolytic viruses, and cancer vaccines. It also highlights the emerging role of natural killer (NK) cell therapy and discusses strategies to overcome challenges such as tumor heterogeneity, immunosuppressive microenvironments, and therapy-related toxicities. Additionally, the review emphasizes future directions in combination therapies, biomarker discovery, gene editing, and cost-effective solutions to improve accessibility. These innovations hold the potential to redefine cancer care, offering hope for improved survival and quality of life for patients worldwide.
References
1. Swaika A, Hammond WA, Joseph RW. Current state of anti-PD-L1 and anti-PD-1 agents in cancer therapy. Molecular immunology. 2015 Oct 1;67(2):4-17.
2. Philips GK, Atkins M. Therapeutic uses of anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 antibodies. International immunology. 2015 Jan 1;27(1):39-46.
3. Gupta A, De Felice KM, Loftus Jr EV, Khanna S. Systematic review: colitis associated with anti‐CTLA‐4 therapy. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics. 2015 Aug;42(4):406-17.
4. Seidel JA, Otsuka A, Kabashima K. Anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 therapies in cancer: mechanisms of action, efficacy, and limitations. Frontiers in oncology. 2018 Mar 28;8:86.
5. Rafiq S, Hackett CS, Brentjens RJ. Engineering strategies to overcome the current roadblocks in CAR T cell therapy. Nature reviews Clinical oncology. 2020 Mar;17(3):147-67.
6. Sadelain M, Rivière I, Riddell S. Therapeutic T cell engineering. Nature. 2017 May 25;545(7655):423-31.
7. Milone MC, Xu J, Chen SJ, Collins MA, Zhou J, Powell Jr DJ, Melenhorst JJ. Engineering-enhanced CAR T cells for improved cancer therapy. Nature cancer. 2021 Aug;2(8):780-93.
8. Drake CG. Immunotherapy for prostate cancer: an emerging treatment modality. Urologic Clinics. 2010 Feb 1;37(1):121-9.
9. Muthukutty P, Woo HY, Ragothaman M, Yoo SY. Recent Advances in Cancer Immunotherapy Delivery Modalities. Pharmaceutics. 2023 Feb;15(2):504.
10. Sambi M, Bagheri L, Szewczuk MR. Current challenges in cancer immunotherapy: multimodal approaches to improve efficacy and patient response rates. Journal of oncology. 2019;2019(1):4508794.
11. Wang C, Ye Y, Hu Q, Bellotti A, Gu Z. Tailoring biomaterials for cancer immunotherapy: emerging trends and future outlook. Advanced materials. 2017 Aug;29(29):1606036.
12. Taefehshokr S, Parhizkar A, Hayati S, Mousapour M, Mahmoudpour A, Eleid L, Rahmanpour D, Fattahi S, Shabani H, Taefehshokr N. Cancer immunotherapy: Challenges and limitations. Pathology-Research and Practice. 2022 Jan 1;229:153723.
13. Mediratta K, El-Sahli S, D’Costa V, Wang L. Current progresses and challenges of immunotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer. Cancers. 2020 Nov 26;12(12):3529.
