Chromoblastomycosis: An Update On Pathogenesis, Clinical Features, And Diagnosis

Abstract

Chromoblastomycosis is a chronic, subcutaneous fungal infection primarily caused by dematiaceous fungi, such as Fonsecaea pedrosoi and Cladophialophora carrionii. It presents as verrucous skin lesions and predominantly affects individuals in tropical and subtropical regions, particularly farmers and laborers. The disease progresses slowly, often leading to significant morbidity due to its complications, including secondary infections and potential squamous cell carcinoma. Diagnosis is challenging and typically involves direct microscopy, histopathology, culture techniques, and emerging molecular methods. Recent advancements in diagnostic tools, such as next-generation sequencing and MALDI-TOF MS, offer promising avenues for improving early detection and species identification. Despite these advances, gaps remain in our understanding of the fungal pathogenesis, immune response, and host-pathogen interaction. This review discusses the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnostic methods, and recent advances in the management of chromoblastomycosis. The need for further research, novel diagnostic tools, and global surveillance systems to enhance patient outcomes is emphasized.