Lipid-Based Nanocarriers for Oral Drug Delivery: Advances, Challenges, and Clinical Prospects

Abstract

Lipid-based nanocarriers have gained significant attention in oral drug delivery due to their ability to enhance solubility, bioavailability, and therapeutic efficacy of poorly water-soluble drugs. Among these, Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) are widely explored for their controlled drug release, stability, and improved absorption via mechanisms such as lymphatic transport and mucus penetration. Recent advancements, including surface modifications (PEGylation), functionalization with bioadhesive ligands, and pH-sensitive lipid formulations, have further improved their performance. However, challenges related to stability, large-scale manufacturing, and regulatory approval remain critical barriers to clinical translation. Several lipid-based formulations have already entered clinical trials, demonstrating potential in treating cancer, diabetes, and infectious diseases. Future research should focus on novel lipid excipients, personalized drug formulations, and advanced manufacturing techniques to facilitate the commercialization of these nanocarriers. This review highlights the latest advancements, challenges, and future prospects of lipid-based nanocarriers for efficient and patient-friendly oral drug delivery systems.